University Research Papers
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University research outputs made available publicly on the ResearchArchive. These are non-thesis outputs.
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Item Open Access Social security as a world problem(Te Herenga Waka—Victoria University of Wellington, 1972) Jenks, WilfredTime was when social security was among the most domestic of domestic social problems; it now has a recognised place among world-wide social problems. This change of outlook is attributable to three main factors: the relevance of broader social security to economic and social development and technological change; the relevance of broader international experience to the increasingly complex problems which the contemporary development of social security presents for many countries; the impact of the ILO on social security in a wide range of countries.Item Open Access Social investment: a New Zealand policy experiment(Te Herenga Waka—Victoria University of Wellington, 2017) Boston, Jonathan; Gill, Derek"For almost a decade, the idea of social investment has been a major focus of New Zealand policy-making and policy debate. The broad aim has been to address serious social problems and improve long-term fiscal outcomes by drawing on big data and deploying various analytical techniques to enable more evidence-informed policy interventions. But recent approaches to social investment have been controversial. In late 2017, the new Labor-New Zealand First government announced a review of the previous government's policies. As ideas about social investment evolve, this book brings together leading academics, commentators and policy analysts from the public and private sectors to answer three big questions: How should social investment be defined and conceptualized? How should it be put into practice? In what policy domains can it be most productively applied? As governments in New Zealand and abroad continue to explore how best to tackle major social problems, this book is essential for people seeking to understand social policy in the twenty-first century"--Publisher informationItem Open Access The Iron cage recreated: The performance management of state organisations in New Zealand(Te Herenga Waka—Victoria University of Wellington, 2011) Gill, DerekRecreating the Iron Cage explores the results of a major three-year research project on the use of performance information in the New Zealand state sector by a team of academic researchers and public officials. It examines the formal design of the performance management system, how this system has evolved over time, and uses survey and case study evidence to show how performance information has been used in state sector organisations. The title of this book reflects the surprising research finding that while there is much dull compliance, performance information of various kinds is actively used by decision-makers at all levels of executive government. This information is not, however, used in the ways envisaged by the designers of the formal system. The book concludes with proposals for ongoing development of performance management in New Zealand. Contents: Tables -- Figures -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contributors -- 1 Part One: Organisational performance management concepts and themes from the literature -- Introduction to Part One -- Derek Gill 2 Organisational performance management: concepts and themes -- Derek Gill and Tyson Schmidt -- Part Two: The formal system for organisational performance in the state sector -- Introduction to Part Two -- Susan Hitchiner and Derek Gill -- 3 The formal system as designed -- Susan Hitchiner and Derek Gill -- 4 The formal system as it evolved -- Susan Hitchiner and Derek Gill -- 5 The formal system: themes and conclusions -- Susan Hitchiner and Derek Gill -- Part Three: research: case studies and survey results, findings and themes -- Introduction to Part Three -- Derek Gill -- 6 Findings and cross cutting themes from the case study research -- Rodney Dormer -- 7 Case Study -- child, youth and family: drivers of the need for information -- Rob Laking -- 8 Case Study -- Department of Conservation: moving from measuring outputs to managing for outcomes -Bill Ryan -- 9 Case Study -- Department of Corrections: how the department defines and assesses performance and how its operational arms regards performance information -- Bill Ryan. Derek Gill and Rodney Dormer -- 10 Case Study -- Work and Income: how staff define their role and the performance information they use -- 11 Case Study -- Ministry of Women's Affairs: from poor performer to award-winning public sector organisation -- Lynley Hutton -- 12 Working across Organisational Boundaries: network policy-making in the transport and justice sectors -- Rob Laking -- 13 Case Study -- Justice sector and effective interventions: use of performance information by a cross agency network -- Derek Gill -- 15 Information that managers use: results from managing organisational performance survey -- Derek Gill, Lucas Kengmana and Rob Laking -- Part Four: Breaking open the iron cage: improving performance management of state organisations -- Introduction to Part Four -- Derek Gill -- 16 Conclusions: how public organisations are controlled and governed -- Rob Laking -- 17 Getting in the road: why outcome-orientated performance monitoring is underdeveloped in New Zealand -- Bill Ryan -- 18 Achieving a step change -- Derek Gill and Susan Hitchiner -- References.Item Open Access Future state: directions for public management in New Zealand(Te Herenga Waka—Victoria University of Wellington, 2011) Ryan, Bill; Gill, Derek"In 2009 the chief executives of several public sector organisations commissioned a group of researchers associated with the School of Government at Victoria University of Wellington to undertake a project looking at the 'future state' - to consider present trends that would impact on public management in coming years. Future State pulls together the results of that work, covering emerging trends in governance, from both New Zealand and international perspectives; issues, options and policy implications of shared accountability; experimentation and learning in policy implementation; agency restructuring; skills and capability; the authorising environment; and e-government. It contains valuable insights into how New Zealand's public sector currently operates, and how it might operate in the future"--Back cover. Contents: Future State Project: meeting the challenges of the twenty-first century / Derek Gill [and others] -- No reform left behind: multiplicity, integrating frameworks and implications for New Zealand's centre-of-government and public sector improvement / Evert Lindquist -- Signs are everywhere: 'community' approaches to public management / Bill Ryan -- Public management heresy?: exploring the 'managerial' rose of ministers within public management policy design / Michael di Francesco and Elizabeth Eppel -- Affordability and sustainability: tweaking is not enough / Bill Ryan -- Complex policy implementation: the role of experimentation and learning / Elizabeth Eppel, David Turner and Amanda Wolf -- Working across organisational boundaries: the challenges for accountability / Jonathan Boston and Derek Gill -- 'E-government is dead -- long live networked governance': fixing system errors in the New Zealand public management system / Miriam Lips -- Restructuring: an over-used lever for change in New Zealand's state sector? / Richard Norman and Derek Gill -- Skills and people capability in the future state: needs, barriers and opportunities / Geoff Plimmer, Richard Norman and Derek Gill -- Past, present and the promise: rekindling the spirit of reform / Bill Ryan and Derek Gill.Item Open Access The 1982 - 84 review of export assistance : problems with paradigms(Te Herenga Waka—Victoria University of Wellington, 1985) Mason, Geoffrey M.For some time now, export incentives to non-traditional exports have been an essential part of the Government's development strategy to restore sustainable levels of growth to the economy. New Zealand has had an indifferent record of growth in the 1950s and 1960s and over the last half decade of the 70s, growth has averaged less than 1% per year or under a third of the OECD average. This persistently bad record was not because governments of the day gave growth little priority in their programmes. It has been long thought that the major barrier to economic growth is the balance of payments or foreign exchange constraint. The term 'foreign exchange constraint' alludes to the supposedly critical dependence of New Zealand on imports of raw materials (especially oil:) and capital equipment to increase the productive capacity of domestic producers. Too often it seemed, economic growth grounded to a halt as payments for imports pushed ahead of export earnings. This leads to the suggestion that the main way to raise growth performance is to raise the rate of growth of exports and thereby relax the balance of payments constraint...Item Open Access Public Sector Audit And The State’s Resposibility To ‘Leave To ‘Leave-No-One Behind’: The Role Of Integrated Democratic Accountability(Te Herenga Waka—Victoria University of Wellington, 2022-07-27) Cordery, Carolyn; Arora, Bimal; Manochin, MelinaAchieving the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) at country and local levels – and ensuring ‘no one is left behind’ - requires that nation states commit to solving complex social and societal challenges through collaborative, democratic means. Technocratic and bureaucratic procedures alone are insufficient. In addition to satisfying international actors, governments must discharge integrated democratic accountability through inclusive stakeholder engagement with and between diverse and locally embedded social actors and institutions. Democratic accountability requires recognising and preserving social complexity and plurality mediated through public dialogues between actors and institutions. Concurrently, global initiatives like the SDGs offer opportunities for the UN’s member states to show their sincerity to international principles and standards while engaging with local practices that promote democratic means of resolution and policy implementation.Item Restricted Disquiet in the Development of Clinical Supervision for Professional Development in Nursing Practice: a Literature Review(Te Herenga Waka—Victoria University of Wellington, 2000) Robertson, Gaye; Martin, MargieNursing literature reflects that nurses have been exploring and experiencing the process of clinical supervision for well over a decade. Nurses in the United States (U.S.), United Kingdom (U.K.), Scandinavia, and Australasia have written much over the past fifteen years. While nurses grapple with what clinical supervision is within nursing development and disquiet continues to emerge in the literature. While the process of clinical supervision has been borrowed from the fields of psychotherapy, social work, counselling and mental health nursing, resulting in different forms of implementation, a considerable body of data has been developed illustrating nurses' experience of developing the process within their own varied areas of practice. This literature review will expand on themes that surround this disquiet. These centre on continued confusion and lack of clear definition; whether psychotherapy is implemented under the guise of clinical supervision, who uses it, and the dearth of empirical evaluation of its effectiveness. The lack of significant empirical evidence of its ability to assist practitioners to deliver improved patient/client care continues despite claims of improved professional and personal development, therapeutic relationship, and occupational stress management. These claims come from both supervisees and supervisors. The manner in which clinical supervision is portrayed in nursing in that it is frequently referred to as a support system, rather than one of learning a complex set of communication skills is also highlighted. The continued debate on what model(s) best suit nurses, or whether line management should provide clinical supervision as a means to ensure quality standards and control over nursing practice and optimal patient care is discussed. Whether nursing should stop borrowing from other fields and develop their own model(s) is also a question being raised. Two emerging stances focus on a process that is practice-based as identified by senior staff and management, or one that continues along the lines of what psychotherapy has developed with practitioner-identified developmental needs. These issues raise many questions for further development in nursing, one being are nurses developed enough in their self-awareness to understand what they are to adopt into their practice? Authentic voices from those nurses experienced in the practice of providing and receiving clinical supervision, are shaping therapeutic practice for nurses in the future, and continue to sharpen the debate. Some reference to unpublished data and local practice in the Wellington area, New Zealand, have been included as a stimulus for further incorporation of clinical supervision in local practice development.Item Restricted Vicarious Traumatization: Relevance and Implications for Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing(Te Herenga Waka—Victoria University of Wellington, 2001) Puckey, Thelma Claire; Moss, CheryleThis research project is concerned with the risk of vicarious traumatization for psychiatric mental health nurses. Vicarious traumatization is an occupational hazard that is largely unrecognised and unaddressed in the profession. The paper explores the nature of vicarious traumatization, and its contemporary conceptualisation in the literature on helping-induced trauma. Findings from the literature search and understanding of the construct of vicarious traumatization are considered against the essence of psychiatric mental health nursing, the therapeutic relationship and use of self, and the nature of daily practice. After consideration of the potential risk of vicarious traumatization for the profession it is argued vicarious traumatization is a real risk and is likely to impact on all areas of psychiatric mental health nursing practice. Support for the position that vicarious traumatization is not well recognised and understood is offered. The paper concludes with recommendations that psychiatric mental health nurses and the profession take serious note of vicarious traumatization as a risk, and there is an ethical imperative for psychiatric mental health nurses to take measures to inform themselves of and engage in processes of risk management for nurses and clients.Item Open Access Combined Vertical Ozone Profile Database(Bodeker Scientific and Climate Change Research Institute of Victoria University, 2011) Bodeker, Greg; Hassler, Birgit; Young, Paul; Portmann, RobertBodeker Scientific produces a combined monthly mean vertical ozone profile database spanning the period 1979 to 2007. The database is completely filled such that there are no missing data. A publication describing the construction of this database is currently in preparation. The raw individual ozone data are sourced from the BDBP database (see The BDBP). Monthly means are calculated from individual ozone measurements extracted from the BDBP in much the same way as in Hassler et al. (2009). These are referred to as Tier 0 data. A regression model is fitted to the Tier 0 data at each of 70 pressure/altitude levels. The regression model is of the form: Ozone(t,lat) = A(t,lat) + Offset and seasonal cycle B(t,lat) x t + Linear trend C(t,lat) x EESC(t,AoA) + Age-of-air dependent equivalent effective stratospheric chlorine D(t,lat) x QBO(t) + Quasi-biennial Oscillation E(t,lat) x QBOorthog(t) + Orthogonalized QBO F(t,lat) x ENSO(t) + El-Niño Southern Oscillation G(t,lat) x Solar(t) + Solar cycle H(t,lat) x Pinatubo(t) + Mt. Pinatubo volcanic eruption R(t) Residual Regression model fit coefficients are expanded in Fourier series to account for seasonality and in Legendre polynomials in latitude to account for meridional structure in the fit coefficients. Regression model output is then used to produce 4 gap free Tier 1 data sets, viz.: Tier 1.1 (Anthropogenic): This comprises the mean annual cycle plus contributions from the EESC and linear trend basis functions. Tier 1.2 (Natural): This comprises the mean annual cycle plus contributions from the QBO, solar cycle and El Niño basis functions. Tier 1.3 (Natural & volcanoes): Tier 1.2 but now also including contributions from volcano basis functions. Tier 1.4 (All): Constructed by summing the contributions from all basis functions. There are 20 files available named CCMVal2_REF-B1_BSOzone-XX-YYY_TierZZ_T2Mz_O3.nc where: CCMVal2 indicates that these data files have been formatted to allow easy use in the CCMVal2 project. REF-B1 indicates that the time period covered is similar to that for the REF-B1 simulations. XX is either 'MR' for mixing ratio or 'ND' for number density. YYY is either 'PRS' to denote that the data are on pressure levels or 'ALT' to denote that the data are on altitude levels. ZZ denotes the Tier: '0', '1_1', '1_2', '1_3' or '1_4'. T2Mz denotes that these are monthly means in two dimensions (latitude and altitude/pressure). At present Bodeker Scientific has no financial support to maintain this database and so if there is anyway that you can contribute towards the maintenance of this database, that would be much appreciated. That said, this database is made freely available to any not-for-profit organisation or individual. If you are going to be using this database in a publication, please let me know. At the very least please include the following acknowledgement: We would like to thank Greg Bodeker (Bodeker Scientific) and Birgit Hassler (NOAA) for providing the combined vertical ozone profile database.Item Open Access Pacific Island 'Memory of the World Project'. Report on Initial Research from NZETC(Te Herenga Waka—Victoria University of Wellington, 2006) Stevenson, Alison; Mapplebeck, GeorginaThe UNESCO Pacific Island Memory of the World Programme commissioned the NZETC to start Phase One of the Pacific Memory of the World Project. The NZETC was given a limited time frame of 7 weeks in which to create a list of the founding documents of each nation, and to gather information on the location and physical state of the original manuscripts or printed texts. The aims of the Memory of the World Programme more generally are to facilitate the preservation, by the most appropriate techniques, of the world’s documentary heritage; to assist universal access to documentary heritage; and to increase awareness worldwide of the existence and significance of documentary heritage. This part of the project was directed specifically at the Pacific Island nations covered by the UNESCO regional office in Apia: the Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu. We were asked to give a particular focus on Kiribati, Tuvalu, Samoa, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu which are on the United Nations list of Least Developed Countries (LDRs).Item Open Access The End of Tranquillity? An Exploration of Some Organisational and Societal Factors that Generated Discord upon the Introduction of Trained Nurses into New Zealand Hospitals, 1885-1914(Te Herenga Waka—Victoria University of Wellington, 2003) Smillie, Anne; Wood, Pamela; Asher, Joy BickleyThis historical research study examines some of the factors that caused problems for early New Zealand trained nurses upon their introduction into New Zealand hospitals, between 1885 and 1914. Eight incidents in the professional lives of nurses of the period are used as illustrations of the strains and discord that were apparent in this time of change. Analysis of these incidents attempts to answer the question as to whether the introduction of trained nurses into the New Zealand hospital system did add new considerations to problems encountered by nurses in their professional life. The conclusion is that there was a new dimension of difference added to the system with the introduction of the trained nurse. This developed from the evidence that these nurses, particularly if they were also matrons, had to fit into the existing power structures, which were not really ready to accept them, either through choice or lack of foresight. Enmeshed within these considerations is the influence of Florence Nightingale; her effect on nursing itself, and the consequent public and official perception, or misperception, of who nurses should be.Item Open Access Policing Sexual Violence: Key Informants’ Report. Women, Rape and the Police Investigation Process(Te Herenga Waka—Victoria University of Wellington, 2019) Jordan, JanA review of a sample of Police rape files from 2015 (Jordan & Mossman, 2019) was recently undertaken to compare the findings with an earlier 1997 study (Jordan, 2004). The review aimed to assess how the Police investigation process had changed post-Commission of Inquiry. This ‘Key Informant Study’ presented in this report was undertaken to supplement this file review. The decision to conduct this additional study was made to compare changes observed in the files to those directly experienced by the specialist support agency workers, forensic doctors and victim/survivor advocates who support victim/survivors.1 The principal objectives were to: (i) assess how well victim/survivor advocates, medical and support agencies considered victim/surivors were served by current Police investigative procedures; (ii) reflect on any changes perceived in relation to police responses to rape allegations; and (iii) identify any issues/population groups posing contemporary challenges for the Police in relation to the reporting and investigation of sexual violence.Item Open Access Risk governance and risk-based regulation: A review of the international academic literature(Te Herenga Waka—Victoria University of Wellington, 2019) van der Heijden, JeroenThis research paper presents findings from a broad scoping of the international academic literature on the use of risk governance and risk-based regulation. It addresses six themes: (1) the evolution of thinking about risk, risk governance and risk-based regulation, (2) examples of risk governance and risk-based regulation, (3) evidence of the performance of risk governance and risk-based regulation, and (4) the epistemic challenges and (5) ethical challenges that come with this approach to regulatory governance and practice.Item Open Access Behavioural insights and regulatory practice: A review of the international academic literature(Te Herenga Waka—Victoria University of Wellington, 2019) van der Heijden, JeroenThis research report presents findings from a broad range of international academic literature on the use of insights from the behavioural sciences in regulatory practice—an approach to regulation colloquially known as ‘nudging’. The report is targeted at managers and frontline workers in regulatory organisations and units who are interested in this approach to regulation. The report addresses six themes: (1) the evolution of thinking about rational behaviour, (2) examples of the use of behavioural insights in regulation, (3) evidence of the workings of this approach, (4) experiments and randomised control trials to understand those workings, (5) ethical challenges, and (6) epistemic challenges.Item Open Access Regulatory philosophy, theory and practice: Ka mua, ka muri(Te Herenga Waka—Victoria University of Wellington, 2019) van der Heijden, JeroenRegulation as a practice, profession and discipline has progressed considerably over the last 4,000 years. Modern regulation has shed its image of being a dull, rigid and highly legalistic way to achieve policy outcomes. Today, all around the world, regulators actively experiment with innovative regulatory interventions, often supported by communities and the private sector. This research paper reflects on the long and often remarkable history of regulatory reform to lay out the main regulatory challenges of today, and he explores how they can be best addressed in the future.Item Open Access Geomagnetic Survey of the Compass Swing Testing Site at Nelson Airport(Te Herenga Waka—Victoria University of Wellington, 2019-09-04) Trinh-Le, Cassandra; Kesler, StevenA survey of Total Magnetic Field Intensity (TF) was conducted across the compass swing testing site at Nelson Airport on 2 July 2019, in accordance with the requirements stipulated in the Civil Aviation Authority Advisory Circular AC43-7 Revision 1 (CAA AC43-7). The variation in TF anomaly across the site was 8.06 nT, equivalent to a maximum possible horizontal deviation of magnetic North by 0.026°; this is 26% of the permissible deviation of 0.1° for a CAA AC43-7 Class 1 site. This result confirms that the Nelson Airport compass swing testing site qualifies as a Class 1 site.Item Open Access Who do we trust in New Zealand? : 2016 to 2019(Te Herenga Waka—Victoria University of Wellington, 2019) Chapple, Simon; Prickett, KateIn the wake of the Christchurch mosque shootings, the Institute for Governance and Policy Studies (IGPS) conducted a major survey to measure New Zealanders' trust in each other and in public institutions. Here we present our findings, drawing comparisons with our earlier surveys, as well as the results of newly added questions on religious groups and gun ownership. Has Christchurch changed how we see each other?Item Open Access Police Sexual Violence File Analysis Report. Women, Rape and the Police Investigation Process(Te Herenga Waka—Victoria University of Wellington, 2019) Jordan, Jan; Mossman, ElaineThis study involves a systematic analysis of 110 police files resulting from reported sexual violation offences for three months of the calendar year of 2015, drawn from five selected Police Districts. The analysis was designed to replicate an earlier analysis of police rape files from 1997.Item Open Access With Respect: Parliamentarians, officials, and judges too(Te Herenga Waka—Victoria University of Wellington, 2010) Prebble, Mark; Ladley, AndrewAn insider's analysis of the relationship between parliamentarians and public servants. (Judges are there too; it turns out there are more than two parties in the relationship between officials and politicians.) Constitutional issues are covered, but the text focuses more on the pressures on people as they work in different parts of government.Item Open Access Foresight, insight and oversight: Enhancing long-term governance through better parliamentary scrutiny(Te Herenga Waka—Victoria University of Wellington, 2019) Boston, Jonathan; Bagnall, David; Barry, Anna; Head, Tui; Hellyer, Gabor; Sharma, PavanThe focus of this report is on the scrutiny functions of the legislative branch of government, and more specifically on how the New Zealand House of Representatives scrutinises the quality of the nation’s long-term governance and stewardship. The purpose, in short, is to review how our Parliament currently undertakes its oversight responsibilities, explore overseas approaches from which New Zealand might learn, and consider possible improvements.
