British government policy and New Zealand's ethnic relations: Sir George Grey's first governorship, 1845-1853

Abstract

The British Government's primary aim in New Zealand 1845-1853 was to seek a reduction in its Parliamentary aid. Governor Grey attempted to fulfil this goal through a policy of assimilation. This policy promoted increased Maori dependency on the European economy, and in so doing ensured New Zealand's integration with Britain's trade network. If Maori participated in the economy on European terms, there would be less need for British financial aid and direct control. However, in order to encourage Maori dependency, Grey also needed to extend British sovereignty throughout the colony. The economic motivations behind these policies meant that certain measures were implemented at the expense of Maori welfare. However, despite Grey and the Colonial Office's attempts to pursue Maori assimilation, by 1853 it was clear that these policies had failed. Maori continued to participate in the economy on Maori terms and they remained selective in their endorsement of European customs and institutions. Continuity rather than change in New Zealand's ethnic relations marked Grey's first Governorship. The long-term effects of British Government policy during this period produced more detrimental results for Maori. Grey's policies had initially incorporated Maori customs within Government institutions. However, these were only viewed as temporary measures and as the European Government began to expand, these concessions were gradually removed. The land purchasing policy initiated by Grey was also continued by successive Governments and Maori welfare was not provided with adequate safeguards within the State. Grey's policies between 1845 and 1853, promoted Maori assimilation on European terms. As long as Maori retained their economic base and autonomy, this did not occur. However, the gradual expansion of European Government during the nineteenth century facilitated the slow marginalisation of Maori culture in New Zealand society. The promotion of Maori autonomy was left entirely on Maori to defend.