From 'problem men' to 'problem women': a study of gender in New Zealand, c.1890 to c.1930

Abstract

This thesis examines changes in meanings of 'problem bodies' in New Zealand between c.1890 and c.1930. It argues that a gendered pattern existed in the manner in which anxiety was expressed about the body; and maintains that during the 1890s and early part of the twentieth century, concern focused on men's bodies. However, during the second and third decades of the twentieth century the emphasis shifted away from men and instead highlighted women's inadequacies. The thesis investigates changes in the meanings of 'problem bodies' by examining public debates about temperance, motherhood and sexuality. It begins by exploring the manner in which men were defined as a problem and examining the groups that undertook the critique of masculinity. The thesis then examines the transition from 'problem men' to 'problem women' and seeks to explain why it happened. It argues that an industrialising economy, increasing urbanisation, a new phase of imperialism, and most significantly, the tremendous impact of the First World War introduced new fears about the body which were more concerned with women's failings than men's.