Browsing by Author "Hawke, Richard"
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Item Restricted Carters Reserve: an Investigation of the Water Quantity and Quality of Riverine Swamp in the Wairarapa(Te Herenga Waka—Victoria University of Wellington, 2006) Squires, Darryl; Hawke, RichardCarters Reserve is a riverine swamp situated in abandoned channels of the Ruamahunga River near Carterton, Wairarapa. The Reserve encompasses one of the few remaining lowland forest remnants in the Wairarapa. This study outlines an attempt to characterise the hydrology and water quality of the wetland, in response to an application to divert a branch of the East Taratahi water race that discharges into the wetland. The study included establishing a water balance, a level survey, sediment core analysis, flood frequency analysis, and water quality measurements. Over the period of July 2002 to June 2003 inflows to the wetland were predominantly (83% of inflows) surface water from a natural stream that is augmented by the water race. The branch of the water race to be diverted supplied 3% of the total inflow to the wetland. The large residual change in storage (46% of inflows) was indicative of potential losses to groundwater surrounding the wetland and the result of systematic error. Flooding of the Reserve was recorded on six occasions during monitoring, which was consistent with analysis of the long-term flow record. The analysis suggests that the diversion of the water race is unlikely to have an adverse impact on the wetland because the contribution of water from the race is small and of questionable quality. If the water race is not diverted then fencing and planting the channel to help minimise the input of nutrients should improve the water quality. Historical changes have altered the character of the wetland; however, it is likely that the wetland has adjusted to the new hydrological regime therefore the best management option for the hydrology of the wetland is probably the status quo.Item Restricted The Demand, Use, and Efficient Allocation of Groundwater in Martinborough, Wairarapa, New Zealand(Te Herenga Waka—Victoria University of Wellington, 2006) Holden, Amy; Hawke, RichardOver the last ten years the rapid expansion of viticulture in Martinborough has resulted in increased groundwater use. Viticulture in this area would not be possible without irrigation because the area lacks precipitation during the summer months. The aim of this research is to quantify water allocation, demand and need for the Eastern Martinborough Terrace Groundwater Zone. From this information suggestions to improve the allocation regime are made. The theoretical need for water by viticulture was determined using climate data from Martinborough. Actual water use by the vineyards was quantified by the frequent reading of their water meters during the 2004/05 and 2005/06 irrigation seasons. This actual water use data was supplemented by secondary data. During the irrigation season the computed evapotranspiration demand of grapes (554mm) is much greater than the dependable rainfall (186mm). Therefore, it is estimated that 369mm of water needs to be supplied by irrigation to enable grapes to grow without water stress. Allocating water on the basis of the estimated irrigation requirements (ED) would reduce current water allocations by 62%. Actual water use of the nine consent holders using groundwater over four irrigation seasons (2002 to 2006) was only 22% of their allocated volume. That is substantially less then their maximum allocated amount and less then the estimated ED values. Once vine density and the actual irrigated area were taken into account, the smaller vineyards were found to use larger amounts of water per hectare and per vine. Annual water use per hectare and per vine of the vineyards using bore water and those using town supply were not significantly different. Hence, if allocations were reduced to the ED values current use would not have to be reduced. As demand for water resources increases, revised water allocation guidelines, which are based on crop water requirements, soil hydraulic characteristics, and climatic conditions can help efficient and effective allocation and irrigation practices to be achieved. The results from this research could enhance the management of the region's scarce water resources.Item Restricted GEOG218: Geography: Landform Development and Coastal Processes(Victoria University of Wellington, 2005) Hawke, RichardItem Restricted PHYG401: Physical Geography: Geomorphology and Its Application(Victoria University of Wellington, 2006) Hawke, RichardItem Restricted PHYG401: Physical Geography: Geomorphology and Its Application(Victoria University of Wellington, 2005) Hawke, RichardItem Restricted PHYG401: Physical Geography: Geomorphology and Its Application(Victoria University of Wellington, 2007) Hawke, Richard